今天在学习郑雨迪老师的《深入拆解 Java 虚拟机》课程，了解Java编译器在一些特殊情况下，会自动创建桥接方法，特在此实践记录一下。
bridge方法是由Java编译器自动生成的，所以在源代码中无法找到bridge关键字。那么在什么情况下，Java编译器会生成bridge方法呢？
1、防止编译出错：以具体类型继承自一个泛型类，同时被继承的泛型类包含了泛型方法
abstract class A<T> {
public abstract T method1(T arg);
public abstract T method2();
}
class B extends A<String> {
public String method1(String arg) {
return arg;
}
public String method2() {
return "abc";
}
}
class C<T> extends A<T> {
public T method1(T arg) {
return arg;
}
public T method2() {
return null;
}
}
根据上述代码编译可以得到A、B、C三个类的class文件，分别通过javap -v 指令进行反编译，得到如下结果：
Classfile /D:/A.class
Last modified 2018-10-24; size 377 bytes
MD5 checksum d9683befc4ab4dab2179f0122aae8c9d
Compiled from "Test.java"
abstract class A<T extends java.lang.Object> extends java.lang.Object
minor version: 0
major version: 52
flags: ACC_SUPER, ACC_ABSTRACT
Constant pool:
#1 = Methodref #3.#18 // java/lang/Object."<init>":()V
#2 = Class #19 // A
#3 = Class #20 // java/lang/Object
#4 = Utf8 <init>
#5 = Utf8 ()V
#6 = Utf8 Code
#7 = Utf8 LineNumberTable
#8 = Utf8 method1
#9 = Utf8 (Ljava/lang/Object;)Ljava/lang/Object;
#10 = Utf8 Signature
#11 = Utf8 (TT;)TT;
#12 = Utf8 method2
#13 = Utf8 ()Ljava/lang/Object;
#14 = Utf8 ()TT;
#15 = Utf8 <T:Ljava/lang/Object;>Ljava/lang/Object;
#16 = Utf8 SourceFile
#17 = Utf8 Test.java
#18 = NameAndType #4:#5 // "<init>":()V
#19 = Utf8 A
#20 = Utf8 java/lang/Object
{
A();
descriptor: ()V
flags:
Code:
stack=1, locals=1, args_size=1
0: aload_0
1: invokespecial #1 // Method java/lang/Object."<init>":()V
4: return
LineNumberTable:
line 1: 0
public abstract T method1(T);
descriptor: (Ljava/lang/Object;)Ljava/lang/Object;
flags: ACC_PUBLIC, ACC_ABSTRACT
Signature: #11 // (TT;)TT;
public abstract T method2();
descriptor: ()Ljava/lang/Object;
flags: ACC_PUBLIC, ACC_ABSTRACT
Signature: #14 // ()TT;
}
Signature: #15
SourceFile: "Test.java"
Classfile /D:/B.class
Last modified 2018-10-24; size 580 bytes
MD5 checksum 41ce932c4e2bc9ef13bda9d090ce6ef9
Compiled from "Test.java"
class B extends A<java.lang.String>
minor version: 0
major version: 52
flags: ACC_SUPER
Constant pool:
#1 = Methodref #7.#22 // A."<init>":()V
#2 = String #23 // abc
#3 = Methodref #6.#24 // B.method2:()Ljava/lang/String;
#4 = Class #25 // java/lang/String
#5 = Methodref #6.#26 // B.method1:(Ljava/lang/String;)Ljava/lang/String;
#6 = Class #27 // B
#7 = Class #28 // A
#8 = Utf8 <init>
#9 = Utf8 ()V
#10 = Utf8 Code
#11 = Utf8 LineNumberTable
#12 = Utf8 method1
#13 = Utf8 (Ljava/lang/String;)Ljava/lang/String;
#14 = Utf8 method2
#15 = Utf8 ()Ljava/lang/String;
#16 = Utf8 ()Ljava/lang/Object;
#17 = Utf8 (Ljava/lang/Object;)Ljava/lang/Object;
#18 = Utf8 Signature
#19 = Utf8 LA<Ljava/lang/String;>;
#20 = Utf8 SourceFile
#21 = Utf8 Test.java
#22 = NameAndType #8:#9 // "<init>":()V
#23 = Utf8 abc
#24 = NameAndType #14:#15 // method2:()Ljava/lang/String;
#25 = Utf8 java/lang/String
#26 = NameAndType #12:#13 // method1:(Ljava/lang/String;)Ljava/lang/String;
#27 = Utf8 B
#28 = Utf8 A
{
B();
descriptor: ()V
flags:
Code:
stack=1, locals=1, args_size=1
0: aload_0
1: invokespecial #1 // Method A."<init>":()V
4: return
LineNumberTable:
line 6: 0
public java.lang.String method1(java.lang.String);
descriptor: (Ljava/lang/String;)Ljava/lang/String;
flags: ACC_PUBLIC
Code:
stack=1, locals=2, args_size=2
0: aload_1
1: areturn
LineNumberTable:
line 8: 0
public java.lang.String method2();
descriptor: ()Ljava/lang/String;
flags: ACC_PUBLIC
Code:
stack=1, locals=1, args_size=1
0: ldc #2 // String abc
2: areturn
LineNumberTable:
line 11: 0
public java.lang.Object method2();
descriptor: ()Ljava/lang/Object;
flags: ACC_PUBLIC, ACC_BRIDGE, ACC_SYNTHETIC
Code:
stack=1, locals=1, args_size=1
0: aload_0
1: invokevirtual #3 // Method method2:()Ljava/lang/String;
4: areturn
LineNumberTable:
line 6: 0
public java.lang.Object method1(java.lang.Object);
descriptor: (Ljava/lang/Object;)Ljava/lang/Object;
flags: ACC_PUBLIC, ACC_BRIDGE, ACC_SYNTHETIC
Code:
stack=2, locals=2, args_size=2
0: aload_0
1: aload_1
2: checkcast #4 // class java/lang/String
5: invokevirtual #5 // Method method1:(Ljava/lang/String;)Ljava/lang/String;
8: areturn
LineNumberTable:
line 6: 0
}
Signature: #19 // LA<Ljava/lang/String;>;
SourceFile: "Test.java"
Classfile /D:/C.class
Last modified 2018-10-24; size 416 bytes
MD5 checksum eec9e342b1c9698264f2d7d94f8dec7c
Compiled from "Test.java"
class C<T extends java.lang.Object> extends A<T>
minor version: 0
major version: 52
flags: ACC_SUPER
Constant pool:
#1 = Methodref #3.#18 // A."<init>":()V
#2 = Class #19 // C
#3 = Class #20 // A
#4 = Utf8 <init>
#5 = Utf8 ()V
#6 = Utf8 Code
#7 = Utf8 LineNumberTable
#8 = Utf8 method1
#9 = Utf8 (Ljava/lang/Object;)Ljava/lang/Object;
#10 = Utf8 Signature
#11 = Utf8 (TT;)TT;
#12 = Utf8 method2
#13 = Utf8 ()Ljava/lang/Object;
#14 = Utf8 ()TT;
#15 = Utf8 <T:Ljava/lang/Object;>LA<TT;>;
#16 = Utf8 SourceFile
#17 = Utf8 Test.java
#18 = NameAndType #4:#5 // "<init>":()V
#19 = Utf8 C
#20 = Utf8 A
{
C();
descriptor: ()V
flags:
Code:
stack=1, locals=1, args_size=1
0: aload_0
1: invokespecial #1 // Method A."<init>":()V
4: return
LineNumberTable:
line 15: 0
public T method1(T);
descriptor: (Ljava/lang/Object;)Ljava/lang/Object;
flags: ACC_PUBLIC
Code:
stack=1, locals=2, args_size=2
0: aload_1
1: areturn
LineNumberTable:
line 17: 0
Signature: #11 // (TT;)TT;
public T method2();
descriptor: ()Ljava/lang/Object;
flags: ACC_PUBLIC
Code:
stack=1, locals=1, args_size=1
0: aconst_null
1: areturn
LineNumberTable:
line 21: 0
Signature: #14 // ()TT;
}
Signature: #15 // <T:Ljava/lang/Object;>LA<TT;>;
SourceFile: "Test.java"
可以看到B中生成了两个bridge方法（B.class的#72和#83的ACC_BRIDGE修饰符），而C中并没有。事实上，由于Java中存在泛型擦除机制，因而在编译A类的时候，它里面定义的方法都是以Object来表示的，如果没有bridge方法，B类根本没有办法覆盖A类中的abstract方法，也就无法通过编译。而C类由于在编译时所有的泛型也都是通过Object类表示，所以它覆盖了A类中的abstract方法，也就不需要再生成bridge方法了。
ps：若A中泛型形式为 T extend XXX，则泛型擦除后以XXX表示。
事实上，B类中的bridge方法在调用上也有一些区别：
public class MainTest {
public static void main(String[] args) {
B b = new B();
b.method1("abc");
A<String> a = new B();
a.method1("abc");
}
}
编译该类，然后再使用java -v指令反编译，得到如下结果：
Classfile /D:/MainTest.class
Last modified 2018-10-24; size 447 bytes
MD5 checksum 96102fe169c54abdab88af079ff0aea1
Compiled from "MainTest.java"
public class MainTest
minor version: 0
major version: 52
flags: ACC_PUBLIC, ACC_SUPER
Constant pool:
#1 = Methodref #8.#17 // java/lang/Object."<init>":()V
#2 = Class #18 // B
#3 = Methodref #2.#17 // B."<init>":()V
#4 = String #19 // abc
#5 = Methodref #2.#20 // B.method1:(Ljava/lang/String;)Ljava/lang/String;
#6 = Methodref #21.#22 // A.method1:(Ljava/lang/Object;)Ljava/lang/Object;
#7 = Class #23 // MainTest
#8 = Class #24 // java/lang/Object
#9 = Utf8 <init>
#10 = Utf8 ()V
#11 = Utf8 Code
#12 = Utf8 LineNumberTable
#13 = Utf8 main
#14 = Utf8 ([Ljava/lang/String;)V
#15 = Utf8 SourceFile
#16 = Utf8 MainTest.java
#17 = NameAndType #9:#10 // "<init>":()V
#18 = Utf8 B
#19 = Utf8 abc
#20 = NameAndType #25:#26 // method1:(Ljava/lang/String;)Ljava/lang/String;
#21 = Class #27 // A
#22 = NameAndType #25:#28 // method1:(Ljava/lang/Object;)Ljava/lang/Object;
#23 = Utf8 MainTest
#24 = Utf8 java/lang/Object
#25 = Utf8 method1
#26 = Utf8 (Ljava/lang/String;)Ljava/lang/String;
#27 = Utf8 A
#28 = Utf8 (Ljava/lang/Object;)Ljava/lang/Object;
{
public MainTest();
descriptor: ()V
flags: ACC_PUBLIC
Code:
stack=1, locals=1, args_size=1
0: aload_0
1: invokespecial #1 // Method java/lang/Object."<init>":()V
4: return
LineNumberTable:
line 1: 0
public static void main(java.lang.String[]);
descriptor: ([Ljava/lang/String;)V
flags: ACC_PUBLIC, ACC_STATIC
Code:
stack=2, locals=3, args_size=1
0: new #2 // class B
3: dup
4: invokespecial #3 // Method B."<init>":()V
7: astore_1
8: aload_1
9: ldc #4 // String abc
11: invokevirtual #5 // Method B.method1:(Ljava/lang/String;)Ljava/lang/String;
14: pop
15: new #2 // class B
18: dup
19: invokespecial #3 // Method B."<init>":()V
22: astore_2
23: aload_2
24: ldc #4 // String abc
26: invokevirtual #6 // Method A.method1:(Ljava/lang/Object;)Ljava/lang/Object;
29: pop
30: return
LineNumberTable:
line 4: 0
line 5: 8
line 7: 15
line 8: 23
line 9: 30
}
SourceFile: "MainTest.java"
可以看见，引用类型为B的B实例，直接调用B类中的method1(java.lang.String)方法，而引用类型为A的B实例，则是调用B类中的桥接方法method1(java.lang.Object)方法，在桥接方法中再调用method1(java.lang.String)方法，即B.class的#89。
2、实现Java语言重写语义：子类方法返回值是父类相应方法返回值的子类型
在Java语言中，方法重写要求父类方法和子类方法的方法名和参数类型相同；而在JVM中，方法重写的判断依据为方法名、方法描述符相同，而方法描述符包含参数类型和返回值类型。因此，Java语言中表现为重写语义的代码，在JVM中可能就是非重写的情况。针对这种情况，Java编译器会通过生成bridge方法来实现Java语言中的重写语义。
interface Customer {
boolean isVIP();
}
class Merchant {
public Number actionPrice(double price, Customer customer) {
// ...
return 0;
}
}
class NaiveMerchant extends Merchant {
@Override
public Double actionPrice(double price, Customer customer) {
// ...
return 0D;
}
}
根据上述代码编译可以得到Customer、Merchant、NaiveMerchant三个类的class文件，分别通过javap -v 指令进行反编译，得到如下结果：
Classfile /D:/Customer.class
Last modified 2018-10-24; size 115 bytes
MD5 checksum a61b62d5f33f0fe496f31d7d16fd671e
Compiled from "Test.java"
interface Customer
minor version: 0
major version: 52
flags: ACC_INTERFACE, ACC_ABSTRACT
Constant pool:
#1 = Class #7 // Customer
#2 = Class #8 // java/lang/Object
#3 = Utf8 isVIP
#4 = Utf8 ()Z
#5 = Utf8 SourceFile
#6 = Utf8 Test.java
#7 = Utf8 Customer
#8 = Utf8 java/lang/Object
{
public abstract boolean isVIP();
descriptor: ()Z
flags: ACC_PUBLIC, ACC_ABSTRACT
}
SourceFile: "Test.java"
Classfile /D:/Merchant.class
Last modified 2018-10-24; size 345 bytes
MD5 checksum db00af1d8ffcecafbf260caa21213b49
Compiled from "Test.java"
class Merchant
minor version: 0
major version: 52
flags: ACC_SUPER
Constant pool:
#1 = Methodref #4.#13 // java/lang/Object."<init>":()V
#2 = Methodref #14.#15 // java/lang/Integer.valueOf:(I)Ljava/lang/Integer;
#3 = Class #16 // Merchant
#4 = Class #17 // java/lang/Object
#5 = Utf8 <init>
#6 = Utf8 ()V
#7 = Utf8 Code
#8 = Utf8 LineNumberTable
#9 = Utf8 actionPrice
#10 = Utf8 (DLCustomer;)Ljava/lang/Number;
#11 = Utf8 SourceFile
#12 = Utf8 Test.java
#13 = NameAndType #5:#6 // "<init>":()V
#14 = Class #18 // java/lang/Integer
#15 = NameAndType #19:#20 // valueOf:(I)Ljava/lang/Integer;
#16 = Utf8 Merchant
#17 = Utf8 java/lang/Object
#18 = Utf8 java/lang/Integer
#19 = Utf8 valueOf
#20 = Utf8 (I)Ljava/lang/Integer;
{
Merchant();
descriptor: ()V
flags:
Code:
stack=1, locals=1, args_size=1
0: aload_0
1: invokespecial #1 // Method java/lang/Object."<init>":()V
4: return
LineNumberTable:
line 5: 0
public java.lang.Number actionPrice(double, Customer);
descriptor: (DLCustomer;)Ljava/lang/Number;
flags: ACC_PUBLIC
Code:
stack=1, locals=4, args_size=3
0: iconst_0
1: invokestatic #2 // Method java/lang/Integer.valueOf:(I)Ljava/lang/Integer;
4: areturn
LineNumberTable:
line 8: 0
}
SourceFile: "Test.java"
Classfile /D:/NaiveMerchant.class
Last modified 2018-10-24; size 429 bytes
MD5 checksum c466aec3c5469abf26cdb273eb30d02c
Compiled from "Test.java"
class NaiveMerchant extends Merchant
minor version: 0
major version: 52
flags: ACC_SUPER
Constant pool:
#1 = Methodref #5.#15 // Merchant."<init>":()V
#2 = Methodref #16.#17 // java/lang/Double.valueOf:(D)Ljava/lang/Double;
#3 = Methodref #4.#18 // NaiveMerchant.actionPrice:(DLCustomer;)Ljava/lang/Double;
#4 = Class #19 // NaiveMerchant
#5 = Class #20 // Merchant
#6 = Utf8 <init>
#7 = Utf8 ()V
#8 = Utf8 Code
#9 = Utf8 LineNumberTable
#10 = Utf8 actionPrice
#11 = Utf8 (DLCustomer;)Ljava/lang/Double;
#12 = Utf8 (DLCustomer;)Ljava/lang/Number;
#13 = Utf8 SourceFile
#14 = Utf8 Test.java
#15 = NameAndType #6:#7 // "<init>":()V
#16 = Class #21 // java/lang/Double
#17 = NameAndType #22:#23 // valueOf:(D)Ljava/lang/Double;
#18 = NameAndType #10:#11 // actionPrice:(DLCustomer;)Ljava/lang/Double;
#19 = Utf8 NaiveMerchant
#20 = Utf8 Merchant
#21 = Utf8 java/lang/Double
#22 = Utf8 valueOf
#23 = Utf8 (D)Ljava/lang/Double;
{
NaiveMerchant();
descriptor: ()V
flags:
Code:
stack=1, locals=1, args_size=1
0: aload_0
1: invokespecial #1 // Method Merchant."<init>":()V
4: return
LineNumberTable:
line 12: 0
public java.lang.Double actionPrice(double, Customer);
descriptor: (DLCustomer;)Ljava/lang/Double;
flags: ACC_PUBLIC
Code:
stack=2, locals=4, args_size=3
0: dconst_0
1: invokestatic #2 // Method java/lang/Double.valueOf:(D)Ljava/lang/Double;
4: areturn
LineNumberTable:
line 16: 0
public java.lang.Number actionPrice(double, Customer);
descriptor: (DLCustomer;)Ljava/lang/Number;
flags: ACC_PUBLIC, ACC_BRIDGE, ACC_SYNTHETIC
Code:
stack=4, locals=4, args_size=3
0: aload_0
1: dload_1
2: aload_3
3: invokevirtual #3 // Method actionPrice:(DLCustomer;)Ljava/lang/Double;
6: areturn
LineNumberTable:
line 12: 0
}
SourceFile: "Test.java"
可以看到NaiveMerchant中生成了一个bridge方法（NaiveMerchant.class的#58的ACC_BRIDGE修饰符），此时Java编译器生成的bridge方法是为了实现Java语言中的重写语义。
看下调用情况：
public class MainTest {
public static void main(String[] args) {
NaiveMerchant m1 = new NaiveMerchant();
m1.actionPrice(0D, null);
Merchant m2 = new NaiveMerchant();
m2.actionPrice(0D, null);
}
}
编译该类，然后再使用java -v指令反编译，得到如下结果：
Classfile /D:/MainTest.class
Last modified 2018-10-24; size 447 bytes
MD5 checksum 1ef5eb90881c3b3da897da96ba57e894
Compiled from "MainTest.java"
public class MainTest
minor version: 0
major version: 52
flags: ACC_PUBLIC, ACC_SUPER
Constant pool:
#1 = Methodref #7.#16 // java/lang/Object."<init>":()V
#2 = Class #17 // NaiveMerchant
#3 = Methodref #2.#16 // NaiveMerchant."<init>":()V
#4 = Methodref #2.#18 // NaiveMerchant.actionPrice:(DLCustomer;)Ljava/lang/Double;
#5 = Methodref #19.#20 // Merchant.actionPrice:(DLCustomer;)Ljava/lang/Number;
#6 = Class #21 // MainTest
#7 = Class #22 // java/lang/Object
#8 = Utf8 <init>
#9 = Utf8 ()V
#10 = Utf8 Code
#11 = Utf8 LineNumberTable
#12 = Utf8 main
#13 = Utf8 ([Ljava/lang/String;)V
#14 = Utf8 SourceFile
#15 = Utf8 MainTest.java
#16 = NameAndType #8:#9 // "<init>":()V
#17 = Utf8 NaiveMerchant
#18 = NameAndType #23:#24 // actionPrice:(DLCustomer;)Ljava/lang/Double;
#19 = Class #25 // Merchant
#20 = NameAndType #23:#26 // actionPrice:(DLCustomer;)Ljava/lang/Number;
#21 = Utf8 MainTest
#22 = Utf8 java/lang/Object
#23 = Utf8 actionPrice
#24 = Utf8 (DLCustomer;)Ljava/lang/Double;
#25 = Utf8 Merchant
#26 = Utf8 (DLCustomer;)Ljava/lang/Number;
{
public MainTest();
descriptor: ()V
flags: ACC_PUBLIC
Code:
stack=1, locals=1, args_size=1
0: aload_0
1: invokespecial #1 // Method java/lang/Object."<init>":()V
4: return
LineNumberTable:
line 1: 0
public static void main(java.lang.String[]);
descriptor: ([Ljava/lang/String;)V
flags: ACC_PUBLIC, ACC_STATIC
Code:
stack=4, locals=3, args_size=1
0: new #2 // class NaiveMerchant
3: dup
4: invokespecial #3 // Method NaiveMerchant."<init>":()V
7: astore_1
8: aload_1
9: dconst_0
10: aconst_null
11: invokevirtual #4 // Method NaiveMerchant.actionPrice:(DLCustomer;)Ljava/lang/Double;
14: pop
15: new #2 // class NaiveMerchant
18: dup
19: invokespecial #3 // Method NaiveMerchant."<init>":()V
22: astore_2
23: aload_2
24: dconst_0
25: aconst_null
26: invokevirtual #5 // Method Merchant.actionPrice:(DLCustomer;)Ljava/lang/Number;
29: pop
30: return
LineNumberTable:
line 3: 0
line 4: 8
line 6: 15
line 7: 23
line 8: 30
}
SourceFile: "MainTest.java"
可以看见，引用类型为NaiveMerchant的NaiveMerchant实例，直接调用NaiveMerchant类中的public java.lang.Double actionPrice(double, Customer)方法，而引用类型为Merchant的NaiveMerchant实例，则是调用NaiveMerchant类中的桥接方法public java.lang.Number actionPrice(double, Customer)方法，在桥接方法中再调用public java.lang.Double actionPrice(double, Customer)方法，即NaiveMerchant.class的#64。
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php,java混编所依赖的JavaBridge包,一般导入项目时,只需要JavaBridge.jar和Java.Inc这两个文件
它提供了一个简单易用的接口，使开发人员可以在 Delphi 中调用和使用 Java 类和方法。该组件通过 Java 虚拟机 (JVM) 实现了 Delphi 和 Java 之间的桥接，使得在 Delphi 中调用 Java 代码变得简单和方便。使用 ...
基于java的开发源码-PHPJava Bridge.zip 基于java的开发源码-PHPJava Bridge.zip 基于java的开发源码-PHPJava Bridge.zip 基于java的开发源码-PHPJava Bridge.zip 基于java的开发源码-PHPJava Bridge.zip 基于java的...
使用JAB来实现java代码控制java窗口的工具，网上资料很少，自己的研究也有限，希望多多指教
PHP/Java Bridge的JavaBridge.jar、php-servlet.jar和php-script.jar
JavaBridge 2.7
JavaBridge + java.inc
ava Access Bridge 是一项在 Microsoft Windows DLL 中公开 Java Accessibility API 的技术，可以使实现 Java Accessibility API 的 Java 应用程序和小程序对 Microsoft Windows 系统上的辅助技术可见。Java ...
PHP/Java bridge , call php in java and call jacva in php. Java as backend and php as a front end.
Jacob 是 JAVA-COM Bridge的缩写，是一个中间件，能够提供自动化访问MS系统下COM组件和Win32 libraries的功能。 • MS系统提供的COM组件 COM组件 对象ID MS Word Word.Application MS Excel Excel.Application MS ...